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Biotech
- Les 10 meilleurs clusters biotech
américains - America 's Biotech
and Life Science Clusters...
America
's Biotech and Life Science Clusters
Milken Institute et Deloitte USA 06/2004 (pdf)
"...The 21st century biotechnology
cluster race has many regional entries in the U.S. and around the
world. Within the U.S., California has several metropolitan areas
that are among the leaders as the race commences including
Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose, Los Angeles, Orange County, and
San Diego. The East Coast has Boston, Philadelphia, Washington,
D.C., and Raleigh-Durham among the leading aspirants. Seattle and
Austin appear to be two other top geographic contenders.
What is a cluster? Industry clusters are geographic concentrations
of sometimes competing, sometimes collaborating .rms, and their
related supplier network. They are agglomerations of interrelated
industries that foster wealth creation in a region, principally
through the export of goods and services beyond their borders. A
cluster represents an entire value chain of a broadly de.ned
industry sector from suppliers to end products, including its
related suppliers and specialized infrastructure.
Supplier networks are instrumental to the success of clusters and
fostering sustained agglomeration processes. Clusters are
interconnected by the .ow of goods and services. This .ow is
stronger than the one linking them to the rest of the local
economy. Cluster members usually include governmental and
nongovernmental entities such as public/private partnerships,
trade associations, universities, think tanks and vocational
training programs, venture capitalists, patent attorneys, and even
accounting and auditing .rms in the case of biotechnology.
Because knowledge is generated, transmitted, and shared more
ef.ciently in close proximity, economic activity based on new
knowledge has a high propensity to cluster in a geographic area. A
region with a top biotechnology cluster will have more
innovations, less of which will escape to other regions, or at
least, they will do so at a slower rate. Regions excel to the
extent that the .rms and talent in them can innovate successfully
by being there, rather than elsewhere. This is particularly
poignant for an industry such as biotechnology whose survival is
based upon continuous innovation streams.
In
this study, we compare and contrast the San Diego biotechnology and life
sciences cluster with 11 other clusters identified above, review its
formation and historical evolution and highlight the industry’s economic
contributions to the region. These 12 clusters were selected by reviewing
previous studies and performing statistical evaluations for which
metropolitan areas possessed the greatest specialization and concentration
of the biotech industry in the United States..."
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